coou African Journal of Environmental Research
The African Journal of Environmental Research (AJER) is a peer-reviewed Journal established to provide practitioners, educators, researchers and students with state-of-the-art research output. This is in order to promote scholarship, research, professionalism and excellence in the varied disciplines of the built and human environment. The focus is to bring together theory, empiricism, practical developments and innovations in the built environment. AJER publishes well-researched articles in all specialisms in the fields of Architecture, Building and Construction Management, Estate Management, Fine and Applied Arts, Urban and Regional Planning, Quantity Surveying, Surveying and Geoinformatics, Transportation Planning, Geography, Environmental Management, Meteorology/Climatology, Environmental Law, Environmental Economics, Environmental Health and Environmental Psychology
Faculty of Environmental Scienes, Chukwuemeka Odumegwu Ojukwu University, Nigeria.
Project Managers’ Leadership Styles And Their Differential Effects On Team Cohesion And Task Performance In The Nigerian Construction Industry
The success or failure of complex construction projects, especially in emerging economies such as Nigeria, is closely linked to the effectiveness of project management leadership in improving team cohesiveness. This paper discusses the most prevalent form of leadership styles by project managers (PMs) within the Nigerian Construction Industry (NCI) and their impact on the social relations-task performance dichotomy of the team, as well as their impact on team cohesiveness. Data was collected using a structured questionnaire from 70 construction practitioners in Lagos state, Nigeria. The data analysis was performed using descriptive and inferential statistics, including the Mean Item Score (MIS), and regression analysis. The most common leadership style in the NCI was democratic leadership (MIS = 4.15), followed by transformational leadership (MIS = 3.98). However, a counterintuitive finding emerged as democratic leadership was negatively correlated with task performance (r = -0.205, p < 0.05) but positively correlated with social relations (r = 0.251, p < 0.01). On the other hand, the autocratic leadership showed positive relationships with social relations (r = 0.185, p < 0.05) and task performance (r = 0.240, p < 0.01). Transformational leadership had the strongest positive relationships with each dimension of social relations (r = 0.355) and with task performance (r = 0.288, p < 0.01). The results indicate that contingent leadership models that incorporate aspects of transformational and adaptive leadership should be embraced by project managers to maximise social cohesion and task performance. This study contributes empirical evidence on context-specific leadership effectiveness in developing economy construction sectors.
Copyright (c) 2026 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Barriers To The Institutionalisation Of Earned Value Management In Nigerian Construction Project
Persistent cost overruns and schedule delays continue to undermine construction project performance in Nigeria, largely due to weak project monitoring and control practices. Earned Value Management (EVM) offers an integrated framework for tracking cost, time, and progress, yet its adoption within the Nigerian construction industry remains limited. This study empirically examines the barriers hindering effective EVM implementation on construction projects in Nigeria, with a focus on Ogun State. A quantitative cross-sectional survey design was adopted, targeting architects, builders, engineers, and quantity surveyors involved in project planning and control. Data were collected from 151 construction professionals using a structured questionnaire and analysed using descriptive statistics and one-sample t-tests. The results indicate high levels of agreement on the effectiveness of EVM in improving schedule adherence, project control, budget management, and decision-making. However, significant barriers constrain its practical application. The most critical barriers identified include the absence of localized EVM implementation guidelines, lack of regulatory frameworks, inadequate training and expertise, system complexity, and weak organisational and top management support. Data management and accuracy issues further limit effective use. The study concludes that while EVM is widely recognised as a valuable project control tool, its benefits cannot be fully realised without institutional support, capacity development, and reliable project information systems. The findings provide context-specific insights that can inform practitioners, policymakers, and professional bodies seeking to strengthen construction project performance through improved monitoring and control practices in Nigeria and similar developing economies.
GIS-Based Multi-Criteria Decision Analysis (MCDA) For Optimal Solid Waste Disposal Site Selection In Jalingo Metropolis, Taraba State, Nigeria
Rapid population growth and urban expansion in Jalingo Metropolis, Taraba State, Nigeria, have led to a significant increase in municipal solid waste generation, creating serious environmental and public health challenges. The absence of scientifically selected landfill sites has contributed to indiscriminate waste disposal, land degradation, and potential contamination of nearby water bodies. This study therefore aimed to identify environmentally suitable locations for solid waste disposal using a Geographic Information System (GIS)-based Multi-Criteria Decision Analysis (MCDA) framework. Four key criteria—road accessibility, proximity to drainage networks, buffers around built-up areas, and topographic conditions—were selected in accordance with environmental guidelines and international best practices for landfill siting. Spatial datasets, including QuickBird satellite imagery, Shuttle Radar Topography Mission (SRTM) Digital Elevation Model (DEM), and municipal geospatial datasets, were processed using ILWIS, ArcGIS, and IDRISI Taiga. The Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) was applied to determine the relative importance of the criteria, while Boolean overlay techniques were used to define constraint layers. A Weighted Linear Combination (WLC) model was subsequently employed to integrate the criteria and generate a landfill suitability map for the study area. The suitability analysis classified the study area into three categories: highly suitable, moderately suitable, and unsuitable zones for landfill development. Results indicate that 28% of the study area is highly suitable, 17% moderately suitable, and 55% unsuitable for landfill siting. Five potential sites were identified, with Site 3 ranked most suitable due to its accessibility, minimal environmental impact, and land availability. Sensitivity analysis confirmed the robustness of the model. Findings provide a scientific basis for evidence-based urban solid waste management, offering a practical decision-support tool for local authorities.
Institutional Approaches To Slum Upgrading For Sustainable Housing Delivery: A Case Study Of Lagos State, Nigeria
Fast-paced urbanisation and persistent socio-economic inequality have made slum upgrading a central strategy in achieving sustainable housing and urban development globally. International policy frameworks such as the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), particularly Target 11.1 of SDG 11, call for the upgrading of slums and access to adequate, safe, and affordable housing for all by 2030, emphasising participation, tenure security, and integrated service delivery. Drawing from comparisms between programs in Asia, Africa, and Latin America that highlight institutional coordination, community engagement, and sustainability as key determinants of success, this study explores the institutional processes guiding slum upgrading for sustainable housing delivery in selected communities in Lagos State: Ajegunle, Bariga, and Isale Gangan. Using a qualitative approach, data were obtained through in-depth interviews and analysed thematically. The study identifies six major themes: community engagement and participation, sustainability practices, institutional and policy frameworks, challenges in project execution, impacts on living standards and economic opportunities, and long-term sustainability. Findings reveal that strong participatory governance, supportive institutional frameworks, and sustainability-oriented interventions have improved housing conditions and socio-economic outcomes. Nonetheless, persistent challenges related to financing, land tenure complexity, and community resistance underscore the need for innovative governance strategies. This study links global slum upgrading debates with a detailed Lagos State case, which is found to be relevant to policymakers, urban planners, and development practitioners working toward equitable and sustainable urban transformation in rapidly growing cities.
Influence Of Condition Of Wall Elements On Occupant’s Thermal Sensation In Lecture Theatres In Owerri Capital Territory, Imo Sate Nigeria
This study focused on assessing the impact of the condition of the wall elements on occupants' thermal sensation in lecture theatres in tertiary institutions in Owerri Capital Territory, Imo State, Nigeria. These institutions are Federal university of Technology Owerri (FUTO), Alvan Ikoku Federal university of Education (AIFUE), Imo State University, Owerri (IMSU) and Federal polytechnic Nekede (FEDPONEK). The study adopted the adaptive comfort theory and the operant conditioning theory, which emphasizes that a relationship exists between the occupants, and the built environment that builds on continuous changes to the environment and the occupants’ behaviours. The study employed a quantitative survey method, and data were collected using observational and questionnaire methods. The results from the lecture theatres studied showed that, 54.6% of the walls, 53.4% of the windows, 46.3% of the doors, and 54.3% of the wall finishes which were compressed as a composite variable (representing conditions of the wall elements) of the lecture were in poor conditions. A Biserial Correlation coefficient value of -0.161, and a significance probability value of 0.003 statistically showed that the condition of the wall elements truly had a correlation with thermal sensation of the users. The study recommends the use of appropriate building materials and regular appraisal of the facilities by facility condition assessors to ascertain the condition of the facilities in the institutions.
Based Optimal Highway Route Determination Between Baganakwo And Chanchaga Settlements In Niger State Nigeria
Efficient highway alignment is critical for improving regional connectivity, reducing construction costs, and minimizing environmental and social impacts. In Niger State, Nigeria, rapid urban expansion and increasing traffic demand require data-driven approaches to route planning that go beyond traditional, intuition-based methods. This study aims to develop and demonstrate a Geographic Information System (GIS)–based framework for identifying an optimal highway route between Baganakwo and Chanchaga in the Bosso/Paikoro area of Niger State. The specific objectives are to integrate multiple spatial criteria relevant to highway design, generate least-cost route alternatives, and evaluate trade-offs among competing alignment options. High-resolution digital elevation models (DEM), land-cover data, soil and terrain stability proxies, existing road networks, hydrology, and socio-environmental constraints were incorporated into a composite cost surface using the Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) for criteria weighting. Least-cost path and corridor analyses were then performed to derive optimal and alternative highway alignments. The results identify an optimal corridor that balances route length and travel impedance while significantly reducing earthwork requirements, stream and wetland crossings, and potential social disruption. Sensitivity analysis demonstrates that while the shortest route is not necessarily the most cost-effective or least impactful, the selected alignment remains robust across reasonable variations in criteria weights. This study concludes that GIS-based multi-criteria least-cost path analysis provides a transparent, replicable, and effective decision-support tool for early-stage highway planning in data-limited environments. It is recommended that the proposed alignment be subjected to detailed field verification, geotechnical investigations, and phased engineering design. The workflow presented is transferable and can support corridor screening and sustainable highway planning in other parts of Nigeria and similar developing regions.
Architectural Strategies For Curbing Deforestation In Nigeria: A Review
Deforestation has been having far-reaching adverse impacts on the natural ecosystem, biodiversity and contributes to climate change by depleting forest resources that help to absorb vast amounts of CO2 and other greenhouse gases from the atmosphere. In recognition of the benefits of forests in contributing to nearly all the Sustainable Development Goals, world leaders from various countries, including Nigeria, at the United Nations yearly Climate Change Conference of Parties (COP) pledged to end deforestation, reverse forest loss and land degradation by 2030. Following from this, the different professions in the built environment and other sectors are reappraising their roles in combatting deforestation and contributing to the global sustainability agenda. Therefore, aim of this study is to examine the role of architecture in curbing or slowing down the rate of deforestation in Nigeria. The key research question this paper seeks to answer is: How can architecture contribute to slowing down the rate of deforestation in Nigeria in pursuant of the COP resolution of bringing global warming at 1.50C target by the year 2030? This study was based on a systematic review of literature, anecdotal evidence and interactions with professionals in the built environment. The paper highlighted the causes and effects of deforestation on the built environment as well as strategies for preventing or mitigating its effects from the perspective of architecture. The findings revealed that agricultural practices are the major direct cause of deforestation while overpopulation and poverty ranked the major indirect cause of deforestation in Nigeria. Findings also showed that climate change and climate imbalance is the major effects of deforestation on the built environment. Strategies for checking or slowing down the rate of deforestation in Nigeria were identified with recommendations on how to reverse the trend through architectural design principles and practice in Nigeria.
Integrated Perspectives On Urban Flood Vulnerability In Minna, Niger State: A Critical Review
Flooding remains a recurrent and devastating natural hazard in sub-Saharan Africa, with Nigeria among the most severely impacted nations. This study examines flood vulnerability in Minna, Niger State, focusing on Bosso and Chanchaga Local Government Areas (LGAs), through the lens of the Pressure and Release (PAR) framework. The PAR model posits that flood risk is a product of the interaction between physically vulnerable conditions and socially constructed vulnerabilities. Despite extensive research on flood risk, a gap persists in integrating hydrological, geomorphological, and socio-economic dimensions in a comprehensive assessment framework, particularly in the Nigerian context. This paper presents a systematic literature review on flood vulnerability in Minna, synthesizing current research and identifying key drivers of flood risk, including informal settlements, rapid urban expansion, poor drainage networks, and weak institutional structures. The review reveals that previous studies have employed methods such as Geographic Information Systems (GIS) and Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP), but often focus on a single aspect of flood risk, neglecting the complex interplay between physical and social factors. This study argues for an integrated assessment framework, incorporating multi-criteria modelling, participatory flood risk mapping, and governance reforms to enhance resilience in Minna's urban environment.
Socio-Economic and Institutional Drivers
Evaluating Adoption Of Green Concepts In Tourist Resort Development In Calabar
Regional development is fueled by tourism. Resorts are charming locations created to provide visitors with a tranquil experience. However, the local culture, community development plans, and the natural ecosystem are all impacted by the construction and operation of resorts. This introduces the concepts of green building, green resorts, and green tourism. Green building lessens its impact on the environment. Green tourism places a higher priority on community benefits, cultural sensitivity, and environmental preservation while green resorts employ green building practices. According to statistics, Nigeria and Africa have not embraced green tourism development very much. The majority of studies concentrated on entertainment and economic factors, leaving a gap in the study of green and sustainable issues. By assessing the adoption of green concepts in Calabar, Nigerian tourist resorts, this study fills that knowledge gap. The obstacles to implementing green building techniques include a lack of knowledge, a lack of funding, a shortage of environmentally friendly products, and a lackluster government effort. The study looks into how widely green ideas are being used in resort construction. Using a quantitative methods design, questionnaires were used to gather quantitative data on adoption levels, Seven hundred questionnaires were sent to resort developers, operators, legislators, and designers. The study's findings showed a low-to-moderate adoption level. According to this study, there is a moderate level of adoption of green building practices. Operators can increase the adoption of green resorts if they are educated of its low operating costs benefits and that eco-friendly travel is preferred by tourist. Particular obstacles to the adoption of green practices have been identified as Costly start off capital (84%) Insufficient incentives (79%) low awareness (68%) Eco-materials are scarce (62%). The discussion is moved from presumptions to data-driven understanding thanks to the quantifiable evidence and practitioner insights it offers. The Recommendations are Government Grants and Incentives, Mandatory Green Policy Framework, Training and Capacity Building, Local Manufacturing of Sustainable Materials, Marketing and Public Awareness and Public-Private Partnerships (PPPs). Future studies should examine the economic benefits of developing green resorts, visitor perceptions, and longitudinal adoption trends.
Copyright (c) 2025 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Comparison Of Different Density Materials In Lightweight Concrete
Concrete is a highly prevalent construction material in contemporary society. The quest to reduce the weight of this material has been the focus of research that has posed a challenge to both scientists and engineers. The primary difficulty in producing a lightweight concrete lies in reducing its density while preserving its strength and without negatively impacting its cost. Adding light aggregates to the mix design is a frequently used method to reduce the density of concrete. According to BS EN 206-1, lightweight concretes are characterized by an oven dry density ranging from 800kg/m3 to 2000kg/m3. This is achieved by substituting dense natural aggregates with lightweight aggregates, either completely or partially. The materials used in this study are available locally, these includes Cement, River sand, Granite, Coconut shells (CS), Sawdust (SD), Expanded polystyrene (EPS), Master Rheobuild 858, and potable water. The mixture was prepared using a ratio of 1part cement, 1.6 parts sand, and 3.2 parts aggregate, with a water-cement ratio of 0.5. There are three different mixtures which are the conventional concrete, sawdust concrete and polystyrene concrete. The conventional aggregates were replaced with SD, CS and EPS in same ratio of 0%, 10%, 20% and 30%. Master Rheobuild 858 Plasticiser 858 was then mixed with half of the water required. The concrete's performance was evaluated based on its compressive strength and hardened density. The sample underwent testing at intervals of 7, 14, and 28 days. The compressive strength of the control sample (C0) at 28 days was 34.8 N/mm2, which successfully met the desired goal strength. Additionally, the density of the sample was measured to be 2447 kg/m3. S10, S20, and S30 exhibit compressive strengths and densities of 28 N/mm2 and 2198 kg/m3, 24 N/mm2 and 2081 kg/m3, and 18.4 N/mm2 and 1980 kg/m3, respectively, after 28 days. E10, E20, and E30 have compressive strengths and densities of 25 N/mm2 and 1884 kg/m3, 18 N/mm2 and 1752 kg/m3, and 12N/mm2 and 1653 kg/m3, respectively. The study determined that there is a reduction in both compressive strength and density. Nevertheless, given the circumstances, as the replacement material increased, both the strength and density also reduced. Lightweight concrete was achieved with 10% of EPS at 1884 kg/m3. This resulted in strength of 25 N/mm2, making it appropriate for M25 concrete. While it was achieved with 30% of SD and CS which has a density of 1980 kg/m3 and strength of 18.4 N/mm2. Hydrophobic compounds can be included into sawdust to mitigate its high water absorption rate.
Stakeholder Demographics And Passive Design Strategies For Energy-Efficient Higher Education Buildings In Hot-Dry Climates: A Case Study Of Bauchi Metropolis, Nigeria
This study investigates the influence of stakeholder demographics and passive design strategies on the energy performance of higher education buildings in the hot-dry climate of Bauchi, Nigeria. The research is grounded in a mixed-methods approach, combining qualitative and quantitative strategies to capture both the technical performance of passive design features and the perceptions of key stakeholders. Data collection was carried out in selected higher-education buildings in Bauchi, Nigeria, chosen through purposive sampling to reflect diverse architectural typologies and user populations. The Findings reveal that 71% of students lack awareness of the relationship between building design and energy use, while 58% of facility managers’ report insufficient training in energy efficiency. Moreover, only 23% of academic staff had ever participated in sustainability-related decision-making processes. Passive design assessments show that over 80% of existing buildings suffer from poor orientation, inadequate shading, and inefficient ventilation. Passive design assessments show that a majority of existing buildings suffer from poor orientation, inadequate shading, and inefficient ventilation. Questionnaires and on-site observations consistently suggest that improvements such as applying reflective coatings and installing better shading devices could significantly reduce the internal heat gain, leading to a much more comfortable indoor environment. The study recommends an integrated framework combining stakeholder engagement, low-cost passive retrofits, and localized design guidelines. The study recommends an integrated framework combining stakeholder engagement, low-cost passive retrofits, and localized design guidelines. These findings offer actionable pathways for achieving sustainable, energy-efficient educational infrastructure in Sub-Saharan Africa.
Selected Physico-Mechanical Properties Of Cement-Plastic Composites Of Banana Pseudo Stems Fibres
This study investigates the viability of Banana Pseudo Stem (BPS) fibres as a reinforcement material in cement-plastic composites. BPS fibres, an abundant and lightweight lignocellulosic resource, offer promising potential due to their accessibility and eco-friendliness. However, like other natural fibers, BPS contains inhibitory substances, such as hemicelluloses and tannins, which can hinder cement setting. This research addresses these challenges through various pre-treatment methods, including water soaking and the addition of chemical accelerators. By examining untreated and treated BPS combined with plastic particles, the study evaluates the impact of BPS on composite strength, density, water absorption, and thickness swelling. Results indicate that chemical treatments and plastic additions enhance composite density and flexural strength, suggesting improved compatibility with cement. Based on these results, BPS-cement composites are recommended for indoor, non-structural applications such as insulation panels, ceiling boards, and partition walls, where the need for stability under fluctuating moisture conditions is minimized.
Barriers To Smart Building Technology Adoption Through The Lens Of Technology-Organization-Environment (Toe) In Calabar, Nigeria
Smart building technologies are new resource that need effective adoption and integration for sustainable development in built environments. This study looked into professionals’ views on barriers to adopting smart building technology, the outcomes for building performance, and how they are connected in Calabar, Nigeria, using the Technology-Organization-Environment (TOE) framework. Mixed-method approach was used to collect data from 60 survey respondents and 12 interview participants, including Architects, Engineers, Contractors, Developers, Facility Managers, and Policymakers. Participants were selected using a purposive sampling technique to ensure that only professionals directly involved in the design, construction, management, and regulation of buildings were included in the study. The analysis included descriptive statistics, mean ranking, thematic analysis, and a review of policies. The findings revealed five main barriers: High Initial Costs (Mean = 4.63), Lack of Technical Skills (Mean = 4.41), Weak Regulatory Support (Mean = 4.15), Low Public Awareness (Mean = 3.87), and Limited Technology Availability (Mean = 3.72). The results also showed different priorities among professionals: developers concentrate on costs, engineers prioritize technical skills, policymakers deal with regulatory issues, and facility managers focus on maintenance challenges. Mean ranking analysis confirmed these differences among stakeholder groups, showing varied views on adoption barriers. Correlation analysis indicated significant positive links between overcoming barriers, especially through “Skills Development,” “Regulatory Support,” and “Strengthened Supply Chains,” and key building performance outcomes such as “Operational Efficiency,” “Energy Savings,” and “Occupant Satisfaction.” This strongly suggests that tackling economic, technical, and institutional challenges collaboratively will improve the integration and performance of smart buildings in developing cities like Calabar. In conclusion, the study establishes that addressing these barriers is essential to achieving higher efficiency, sustainability, and functionality in the built environment. It is therefore recommended that policymakers strengthen regulatory frameworks, professionals pursue continuous skill development, and developers explore innovative financing models to reduce cost burdens and promote widespread adoption of smart building technologies in Nigeria and similar developing contexts.
Plastic Footprints And Environmental Implications In Awka, Anambra State, Nigeria: Insights From Rwanda’S Policy Framework For Sustainable Solutions
Despite extensive global research highlighting the risks of plastic waste, Nigeria’s localized data and contextually relevant insights remain insufficient, and this hinders effective policies and practices. To address this gap, the study examined plastic footprints and their environmental impacts in Awka, Anambra State, drawing insights from Rwanda’s successful plastic waste management strategies. A survey was conducted by randomly distributing 360 questionnaires and conducting key informant interviews. Findings showed that 77.5% of participants are youthful, single workers aged 18-30, who prefer consuming packaged foods and single-use plastics for convenience. Notably, 82.5% of participants have a tertiary certification, indicating an opportunity to improve awareness and participation in recycling efforts. Additionally, 42.5% of those surveyed are self-employed, reflecting a strong entrepreneurial culture in Anambra State that influences plastic use, especially in packaging. The findings revealed that packaging accounts for 95% of plastic waste, with improper waste management (95%) and inadequate infrastructure (90%) identified as major contributors to pollution. Weak government regulation (77.5%) and low public awareness (85%) also pose significant problems. The study highlights serious environmental impacts, including ecosystem degradation, soil and groundwater contamination, and human health risks due to pest attraction (95%) and toxic chemical release (90%). These issues disproportionately affect vulnerable groups (92.5%). To address these challenges, the study advocates for integrated waste management approaches, added to Rwanda's enhanced policy framework, environmental education initiatives focused on the youth, community-based recycling programs, and enforcement of environmental regulations.
Challenges To The Design Of Energy Efficient Public Office Buildings In South-East Nigeria
Building design has become challenging with growing energy efficiency and sustainability concerns. About 40% of the world’s energy is consumed in buildings. The high energy consumption in buildings tends to be more conspicuous in large or corporate buildings. Optimization of energy performance is a crucial factor in any office building design. This study assessed the challenges to the design of energy efficient office buildings in South-East Nigeria with a view to proffering strategies that would enhance building energy efficiency. Quantitative research design was adopted; this involved survey. A total of 226 copies of questionnaire were distributed to registered architects in South-East Nigeria. Using proportionate sampling technique 23, 89, 14, 63 and 166 copies of questionnaire were distributed to Abia, Anambra, Ebonyi, Enugu and Imo States respectively. Thirteen (13) variables from the challenges to the design of energy efficient office buildings were studied. Codes (CED-01 to CED-13) were used to represent the variables. Data were analysed using Spearman's rank-order correlation. The findings of the study revealed that the major challenge to the design of energy efficient office buildings in South-East Nigeria is no regulatory framework for achieving energy efficiency in office buildings. This is as attested by 63.5% (105) of the respondents. Based on the findings of the study, there is urgent need for the government to strengthen regulatory frameworks and enforce strict compliance to energy efficiency standards.
Sustainability Of Biodiversity In Five Local Government Areas Of Southern Kaduna: Challenges, Strategies, And Prospects
Southern Kaduna, known for its diverse ecosystems and rich biodiversity, is increasingly facing ecological degradation due to anthropogenic pressures, land-use change, and socio-political instability. This empirical study investigates the current status of biodiversity in selected five local government areas (LGAs) of Zangon Kataf, Kachia, Kaura, Jema’a, and Sanga ; focusing on species distribution, conservation efforts, and sustainability strategies. Mixed methods involving field observations, key informant interviews, and surveys with local stakeholders were employed. Results indicate a significant decline in forest cover, wildlife populations, and aquatic species due to deforestation, grazing, farming encroachment, and weak policy enforcement. The paper recommends an integrated approach involving community-based conservation, environmental education, and policy reforms to ensure biodiversity sustainability in the region.
The Role Of Mass Media In Combating Environmental Degradation In Jos Plateau State : A Critical Assessment
This paper critically examines the role of mass media (print, broadcast, and digital) in combating these challenges. Leveraging agenda-setting theory and empirical examples, the study highlights how media raise awareness, influence policy, and mobilize communities. Environmental degradation remains one of Nigeria’s most pressing challenges, resulting in deforestation, desertification, pollution, and loss of biodiversity. This poses urgent developmental and public health threats. While policy responses have been established, their effectiveness largely depends on public awareness and engagement. This paper critically assesses the role of mass media in combating environmental degradation in Nigeria. However, its effectiveness is undermined by underfunding, weak institutional capacity, ownership bias, and security threats to journalists. Drawing on case studies, media content analysis, and scholarly literature, the paper reveals that while the media plays a vital role in environmental communication and public mobilization, its impact is undermined by limited coverage, poor investigative reporting, ownership bias, and weak policy support. The paper concludes with strategic recommendations to enhance media impact in environmental communication that a more strategic, inclusive, and well-funded media approach is essential for sustainable environmental management in Nigeria.
Natural Lighting As A Component Of Sustainable Architecture In Psychiatric Hospitals
The integration of natural lighting in a design is a fundamental principle in sustainable architecture. This paper investigates the lighting conditions of psychiatric hospitals, arguing that controlled natural light is an essential and often overlooked component for achieving sustainable and restorative healthcare settings. The study examines existing psychiatric hospitals in Nigeria and around the world, employing a mixed-methods approach that includes fieldwork, interviews with hospital staff in Nigeria, and secondary sources for foreign case studies. It explores the multifaceted biophilic benefits of natural lighting, which regulate the occupants' circadian rhythm, improve mood, enhance productivity, and support the mental and physical well-being of both patients and staff. The research identifies that the current absence or inadequate control of natural light in many psychiatric facilities is an issue and has adverse effects on both patients and the staff. Findings from the case studies demonstrate that hospitals that effectively integrate controlled daylighting using strategies like appropriate window placement and courtyards are generally well-ventilated and well-lit, providing better views of nature, which is integral to the healing process. The outcome underscores that the strategic integration of controlled natural lighting must be considered from the inception of design for psychiatric hospitals to reduce energy dependence and maximise therapeutic outcomes.
Improving The Design Of Pediatric Rehabilitation Centre Using Environmentally Friendly Ideas: Case Study Of Some Selected Hospitals In South-East Nigeria
Pediatric rehabilitation centres play a vital role in the long-term recovery and developmental support of children with physical, neurological, or musculoskeletal conditions. Yet in many Nigerian hospitals, the architectural design of these centres neglects children’s environmental and emotional needs, which are essential for healing. This study examines how environmentally responsive design can improve pediatric rehabilitation centres in South-East Nigeria, focusing on two case hospitals: Federal Medical Centre, Owerri, and Amanda Hospital, Imo State. A mixed-methods approach combined site observations and semi-structured interviews with healthcare staff, caregivers, and administrators, alongside secondary data from journals and design manuals. Key dimensions assessed include spatial organisation, natural ventilation, daylighting, sensory qualities, landscape integration, and material choice. Findings reveal limited child-centred features, weak connection to nature, and minimal adoption of eco-friendly design strategies. Environmental comfort, emotional well-being, and functional efficiency emerged as critical gaps affecting therapeutic experience and outcomes. The study proposes context-sensitive design principles for Nigerian pediatric rehabilitation, emphasising biophilic elements, adaptive spatial layouts, and passive environmental control. The research contributes to healthcare architecture and sustainable design discourse and offers a practical framework to guide architects, policymakers, and health planners in transforming paediatric rehabilitation facilities in resource-constrained settings
Enhancing The Design Of Orthopedic Hospitals Using Biophilic Elements: The Case Of Some Selected Hospitals In South-East Nigeria
The quality of healthcare facility design plays a critical role in influencing patient recovery, staff efficiency, and overall healthcare outcomes. In Nigeria, orthopedic healthcare facilities often face design challenges that limit their effectiveness in promoting healing environments. This study explores the current design conditions of selected orthopedic hospitals in the southeastern region of Nigeria, with a particular focus on identifying opportunities for improvement through the integration of biophilic design elements. Using a case study approach, data was collected through field observations, architectural analysis, and interviews with healthcare professionals and facility users across selected hospitals. The findings highlight prevalent issues such as overcrowded wards, poor ventilation, inadequate access to natural light, and limited incorporation of natural elements. These challenges not only affect patient comfort but also hinder staff performance and overall operational efficiency. The study underscores the urgent need to re-evaluate the design of orthopedic healthcare facilities in the region and recommends the adoption of biophilic principles as a practical and sustainable approach to enhancing healing environments. The outcomes provide context-specific insights that can inform future healthcare design policies and architectural interventions in Nigeria.
Land Use Transitions And Eco-Socio/Environmental Impacts Of Laterite And Sand Mining In Awka, Anambra State, Nigeria: A Socio-Economic And Remote Sensing Analysis From 1993–2023
Laterite and sand are essential raw materials whose value to human development is immense. From historical city growth to modern skyscrapers, infrastructure, and industrial products, sand remains central to construction and industrial processes. However, the process of extraction has immense impacts on eco-social life and environmental degradation, particularly in remote African communities where access, governance, and data records are lacking. The Driver-Pressure-State-Impact-Response (DPSIR) was employed within the framework of sustainable development as a framework, this study examines the environmental, social, and economic effects of laterite and sand mining in Okpuno, Awka South LGA, Anambra State. A mixed-methods approach, namely qualitative, quantitative, and remote sensing techniques, was employed. Data was gathered through surveys and interviews with residents, random distribution of 400 questionnaires, and remote sensing and geotechnical techniques from 1993 to 2023. A stratified random sampling method was used to ensure representation from various demographic groups, including miners, farmers, and community members. Findings confirm that laterite and sand mining, coupled with urbanization, have profoundly transformed the Okpuno landscape over the past 30 years. Remote sensing and GIS analyses revealed that vegetation cover declined from 63.4% in 1993 to 30% in 2023, while bare surfaces increased from 24.9% to 43.5%, and built-up areas expanded from 11.7% to 26.5%. These changes indicate intensified land degradation, ecosystem disruption, and socio-economic vulnerabilities linked to weak regulatory oversight. Also, mining has negatively contributed to soil erosion, reduced agricultural productivity, biodiversity loss, and increased susceptibility to flooding. Economically, mining offers short-term jobs and the development of local infrastructure in the area. The application of sustainable strategies, best management practices, community education, and stricter enforcement of environmental laws are recommended. To foster responsible mining that balances economic gains with environmental and social well-being.
Challenges And Perceptions Of Building Information Modeling Adoption In The Nigerian Construction Industry: Insights From Bauchi Metropolis, Nigeria
Building Information Modeling (BIM) represents a paradigm shift for the Architecture, Engineering, and Construction (AEC) industry, yet its adoption remains limited in developing economies, notably in Nigeria. This study investigates the critical challenges and barriers hindering the application of BIM among construction professionals in the Bauchi State Metropolis, Nigeria. Employing a mixed-methods approach, the research utilized a quantitative survey and a detailed literature review to assess professionals' level of awareness, perceived benefits, and core obstacles to implementation. The key findings highlight a substantial gap between awareness and actual practice. Specifically, 58% of professionals reported only a moderate level of familiarity with BIM, indicating that deep technical integration is low. The primary barriers were found to be financial and institutional, a decisive 71% of respondents cite the high implementation costs of software and training as the principal financial deterrent and an institutional void is evident, with 60% expressing significant concern over the lack of standardized guidelines and clear BIM policies from governing bodies. The study also identified a major educational shortfall, as 65% of graduates reported acquiring BIM proficiency after completing their formal university education, rather than during their academic training. The study concludes that while the benefits of BIM for enhancing project delivery and sustainability are widely recognized, its adoption in Bauchi is critically hindered by these financial, technical, and institutional challenges. The paper recommends an integrated framework that combines targeted policy, educational reform, and financial incentives to accelerate the successful integration of BIM across the Nigerian construction sector.
Mapping Smuggling Routes And Migration Flows Across Illela And Jibiya Borders: A Geographical Perspective
This study provides a geographical analysis of smuggling routes and irregular migration flows across the porous Nigeria–Niger borderlands of Illela (Sokoto State) and Jibiya (Katsina State). Using a mixed-methods approach that combined structured questionnaires, key informant interviews, and geospatial mapping through GPS and GIS, the research identified and mapped 20 illegal routes 9 in Illela and 11 in Jibiya. Findings reveal that these routes are not random but represent adaptive systems shaped by geographical, socio-economic, and cultural factors. Seasonal variation was observed, with smuggling and migration peaking during the dry season but persisting at moderate levels during the rainy season, demonstrating the resilience of cross-border networks. The study highlights geography as a critical driver of borderland dynamics, with porous borders, flat terrain, weak surveillance, and strong ethnic ties directly facilitating illegal flows. While smuggling sustains livelihoods through increased petty trade and informal economic opportunities, it simultaneously undermines formal trade, erodes government revenue, and fuels insecurity. Comparative analysis demonstrates strong alignment with earlier works (Yusuf & Bala, 2020; Aderanti, 2019; Usman, 2021; IOM, 2022) but contributes new insights by quantifying geographical determinants, demonstrating rainy-season persistence, and integrating community perspectives with geospatial evidence. The study concludes that addressing smuggling and irregular migration requires more than physical border enforcement. It recommends enhanced technological surveillance, youth empowerment, and bilateral cooperation with Niger, as well as institutionalized geospatial intelligence and grassroots sensitization. By emphasizing the spatial dimensions of borderland dynamics, the research underscores the need for holistic, geography-informed interventions to ensure security, foster legal trade, and improve livelihoods in Nigeria’s northern frontier.
Application Of Just-In-Time Delivery In The Construction Industry: A Case Study Of Lagos State, Nigeria
This study investigates the application of Just-In-Time (JIT) delivery in the construction industry in Lagos State, Nigeria, with a focus on its impact on material management, quality control, inventory control, waste reduction and overall productivity. A quantitative research design was adopted, employing questionnaires administered to 203 registered construction professionals. Data analysis, conducted using SPSS, indicated that JIT is reasonably implemented in Lagos State construction projects, with waste reduction emerging as the most significant area of application. Exploratory factor analysis revealed two principal components: the quality factor, which includes material and supply chain management, quality control, labor management, technical challenges, regulatory requirements, and construction scheduling; and the waste reduction factor, which comprises inventory control, storage space management, waste minimization, and efficiency enhancement. The findings demonstrate that JIT implementation improves project efficiency and reduces waste, though challenges such as unreliable supply chains and coordination difficulties remain. To maximize the benefits of JIT in construction, the study recommends strengthening supply chain networks, enhancing project management competencies, and promoting a culture of collaboration and continuous improvement.
Effects Of Housing Environment Management On Occupants Health In Kuchigoro, Abuja, Nigeria
This study explores the relationship between housing environment management and the health outcomes of occupants in Kuchigoro, Abuja. Using a convergent parallel mixed methods approach, the research investigates how maintenance practices, cleanliness, ventilation, and other environmental management factors affect physical and mental health. Data were collected through structured survey questionnaires and in-depth interviews with residents. Quantitative results revealed significant associations between poor housing management and adverse health indicators, while qualitative insights highlight residents' lived experiences and perceptions. The findings underscore the need for integrated housing and health policies to promote sustainable urban living environments. The study provides insights for policy and decision-makers to improve housing management in urban settings. This study adds to the limited literature on housing management and health in urban Nigeria, especially in settlements like Kuchigoro.
Facilitating Cassava Processing Through Design Of Functional Factory Spaces: A Case Study Of Selected Factories In South- South Nigeria
Cassava is a major staple crop in Nigeria and plays a significant role in food security and rural industrialization. Efficient cassava processing is essential to meeting the food and industrial demands of rapidly growing populations in cassava-producing regions. However, the efficiency of cassava processing is often hindered by inadequately designed factory spaces. Small-scale and even medium-scale processors often contend with poorly designed factory spaces that impede productivity, hygiene, and worker safety. This study investigates how functional spatial design can facilitate cassava processing in selected factories within South-South Nigeria. The case study approach, including on-site observations, and interviews. Analysis of architectural layouts, was used to identify spatial design factors that influence processing efficiency, worker productivity, and hygiene. Results revealed that workflow-oriented layouts, environmental comfort, modularity, and integrated utility systems play vital roles in optimizing cassava processing. Findings emphasise that spatial design is not merely supportive but foundational to agro-industrial efficiency. Key recommendations include implementing linear spatial layouts, enhancing ventilation, zoning wet and dry areas, and adopting modular design elements. The study culminates in the development of a prototype layout adapted to local conditions. This research contributes a practical design framework for improving cassava processing infrastructure in Nigeria and can inform policy and development efforts. The study concludes that investment in spatial design directly correlates with processing efficiency, product quality, and sustainability.
Energy-Efficient Retrofitting Of Higher Education Buildings In Hot-Dry Climates: A Framework For Sustainable Adaptation In Nigeria
The demand for energy-efficient retrofitting in educational institutions is increasingly recognized as a critical response to the dual challenges of climate change and deteriorating building performance in hot-dry climates. Higher education buildings in Nigeria, often constructed without consideration for thermal comfort or energy efficiency, experience significant energy waste and occupant discomfort. This paper presents a comprehensive framework for retrofitting such buildings to enhance their energy performance and sustainability. Drawing from empirical data, simulation analysis, and stakeholder interviews, the study identifies context-specific passive design strategies, shading techniques, and material improvements suitable for hot-dry climatic zones. The framework integrates design principles such as resource economy, life cycle design, and occupant-centered solutions, offering a step-by-step guide for implementation. The study finds that passive retrofitting approaches, when aligned with localized climatic and behavioural conditions, can reduce energy consumption by up to 60% and improve indoor comfort significantly. This research provides a strategic roadmap for policymakers, designers, and facility managers aiming to promote sustainable education infrastructure in Nigeria and similar climates.
Evaluating The Physical Conditions Of Primary School Landscapes In Bauchi Metropolis: A Framework For Enhanced Learning Environment
The physical and design conditions of school grounds significantly influence pupils' educational outcomes, well-being, and social development. This study investigates the design conditions of the landscape of primary school grounds in Bauchi metropolis, Nigeria, with a view to proposing a framework for optimizing their functionality. Drawing on a mixed-methods approach, data were collected through observational checklists, questionnaires administered to pupils and teachers, and photographic documentation across selected public and private primary schools. The findings reveal significant design inadequacies, including limited interactive play areas, poor integration of natural elements, lack of designated outdoor learning spaces, and insufficient safety and aesthetic features. Teachers and pupils consistently reported dissatisfaction with the spatial quality and usability of their school grounds. The study highlights the need for strategic landscape redesign emphasizing accessibility, flexibility, environmental sustainability, and participatory planning. A conceptual framework is proposed to guide future interventions aimed at improving school landscape design in hot-dry urban climates. The paper contributes to the discourse on school infrastructure development in Sub-Saharan Africa, advocating for policies that integrate environmental design principles into educational planning.
Effects Of Wall Material Type On Temperature Variation In Primary Schools In Anambra State, Nigeria
Providing conducive learning environments is essential for enhancing educational quality. Suboptimal indoor environments negatively influence students' performance. This study examined the impact of wall material type on temperature variation in three primary schools, using a purposive sampling technique. The indoor thermal comfort within the three primary schools in Anambra State, Nigeria, comparing Sandcrete Block (SCB) and Interlocking Compressed Earth Block (ICEB) classroom constructions was studied. Classroom temperature data were collected and analysed to evaluate the thermal performance of each material. Result indicated that classrooms constructed with ICEB exhibited lower average temperatures in all the three schools than those constructed with SCB. Although the difference was not statistically significant in one of the schools investigated, the variability in thermal performance between ICEB and SCB classrooms underscores the necessity for location-specific design considerations to achieve optimal thermal comfort. It is recommended that ICEB should be tried in construction of new primary school classrooms henceforth in the warm-humid region of South East Nigeria. Addressing this issue requires concerted efforts from government agencies, educational institutions, and relevant stakeholders to improve infrastructure and provide sustainable building solutions.
Geospatial Distribution Of Waste Dumpsites And Socioeconomic Factors Influencing Waste Management Practices In Abeokuta South, Nigeria.
Rapid urbanisation has continually led to waste increase, placing a demand on dynamic waste management for effectiveness. This research focuses on the examination of the potential geospatial distribution of waste dumpsites and the socioeconomic impacts on managing waste in Abeokuta South, Nigeria. Fourteen (14) dumpsites were observed and mapped using geospatial techniques, with buffer zones of 100m, 500m, and 1km indicators monitoring significant residents vulnerable to the hazards relating to dumpsite. Households falling within the exposure buffer zone are then visualize. Additionally, structured questionnaires were administered to residents within these distances to evaluate the influence of socioeconomic factors—particularly income and education levels—on waste disposal methods, including open burning, open dumping, incineration, and waste collection. Results revealed that many households in Abeokuta South reside within 100m proximity to a dumpsite, a proximity linked to increased respiratory health risks. Furthermore, the study shows that lower-income and less-educated households were more likely to engage in open dumping and burning. Among these respondents, 68% and 46% who practiced open dumping and open burning, respectively, were low-income earners. However, keeping waste for collection was the most widely practiced disposal method across all income groups. 44% of low-income, 50% of middle-income, and 6% of high-income households adopted this practice. These findings reveal that while household income levels significantly influence waste management behaviors, the strategic placement of waste bins can help mitigate improper disposal practices across different income groups.