coou African Journal of Environmental Research
The African Journal of Environmental Research (AJER) is a peer-reviewed Journal established to provide practitioners, educators, researchers and students with state-of-the-art research output. This is in order to promote scholarship, research, professionalism and excellence in the varied disciplines of the built and human environment. The focus is to bring together theory, empiricism, practical developments and innovations in the built environment. AJER publishes well-researched articles in all specialisms in the fields of Architecture, Building and Construction Management, Estate Management, Fine and Applied Arts, Urban and Regional Planning, Quantity Surveying, Surveying and Geoinformatics, Transportation Planning, Geography, Environmental Management, Meteorology/Climatology, Environmental Law, Environmental Economics, Environmental Health and Environmental Psychology
Faculty of Environmental Scienes, Chukwuemeka Odumegwu Ojukwu University, Nigeria.
Evaluating Adoption Of Green Concepts In Tourist Resort Development In Calabar
Regional development is fueled by tourism. Resorts are charming locations created to provide visitors with a tranquil experience. However, the local culture, community development plans, and the natural ecosystem are all impacted by the construction and operation of resorts. This introduces the concepts of green building, green resorts, and green tourism. Green building lessens its impact on the environment. Green tourism places a higher priority on community benefits, cultural sensitivity, and environmental preservation while green resorts employ green building practices. According to statistics, Nigeria and Africa have not embraced green tourism development very much. The majority of studies concentrated on entertainment and economic factors, leaving a gap in the study of green and sustainable issues. By assessing the adoption of green concepts in Calabar, Nigerian tourist resorts, this study fills that knowledge gap. The obstacles to implementing green building techniques include a lack of knowledge, a lack of funding, a shortage of environmentally friendly products, and a lackluster government effort. The study looks into how widely green ideas are being used in resort construction. Using a quantitative methods design, questionnaires were used to gather quantitative data on adoption levels, Seven hundred questionnaires were sent to resort developers, operators, legislators, and designers. The study's findings showed a low-to-moderate adoption level. According to this study, there is a moderate level of adoption of green building practices. Operators can increase the adoption of green resorts if they are educated of its low operating costs benefits and that eco-friendly travel is preferred by tourist. Particular obstacles to the adoption of green practices have been identified as Costly start off capital (84%) Insufficient incentives (79%) low awareness (68%) Eco-materials are scarce (62%). The discussion is moved from presumptions to data-driven understanding thanks to the quantifiable evidence and practitioner insights it offers. The Recommendations are Government Grants and Incentives, Mandatory Green Policy Framework, Training and Capacity Building, Local Manufacturing of Sustainable Materials, Marketing and Public Awareness and Public-Private Partnerships (PPPs). Future studies should examine the economic benefits of developing green resorts, visitor perceptions, and longitudinal adoption trends.
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Comparison Of Different Density Materials In Lightweight Concrete
Concrete is a highly prevalent construction material in contemporary society. The quest to reduce the weight of this material has been the focus of research that has posed a challenge to both scientists and engineers. The primary difficulty in producing a lightweight concrete lies in reducing its density while preserving its strength and without negatively impacting its cost. Adding light aggregates to the mix design is a frequently used method to reduce the density of concrete. According to BS EN 206-1, lightweight concretes are characterized by an oven dry density ranging from 800kg/m3 to 2000kg/m3. This is achieved by substituting dense natural aggregates with lightweight aggregates, either completely or partially. The materials used in this study are available locally, these includes Cement, River sand, Granite, Coconut shells (CS), Sawdust (SD), Expanded polystyrene (EPS), Master Rheobuild 858, and potable water. The mixture was prepared using a ratio of 1part cement, 1.6 parts sand, and 3.2 parts aggregate, with a water-cement ratio of 0.5. There are three different mixtures which are the conventional concrete, sawdust concrete and polystyrene concrete. The conventional aggregates were replaced with SD, CS and EPS in same ratio of 0%, 10%, 20% and 30%. Master Rheobuild 858 Plasticiser 858 was then mixed with half of the water required. The concrete's performance was evaluated based on its compressive strength and hardened density. The sample underwent testing at intervals of 7, 14, and 28 days. The compressive strength of the control sample (C0) at 28 days was 34.8 N/mm2, which successfully met the desired goal strength. Additionally, the density of the sample was measured to be 2447 kg/m3. S10, S20, and S30 exhibit compressive strengths and densities of 28 N/mm2 and 2198 kg/m3, 24 N/mm2 and 2081 kg/m3, and 18.4 N/mm2 and 1980 kg/m3, respectively, after 28 days. E10, E20, and E30 have compressive strengths and densities of 25 N/mm2 and 1884 kg/m3, 18 N/mm2 and 1752 kg/m3, and 12N/mm2 and 1653 kg/m3, respectively. The study determined that there is a reduction in both compressive strength and density. Nevertheless, given the circumstances, as the replacement material increased, both the strength and density also reduced. Lightweight concrete was achieved with 10% of EPS at 1884 kg/m3. This resulted in strength of 25 N/mm2, making it appropriate for M25 concrete. While it was achieved with 30% of SD and CS which has a density of 1980 kg/m3 and strength of 18.4 N/mm2. Hydrophobic compounds can be included into sawdust to mitigate its high water absorption rate.
Stakeholder Demographics And Passive Design Strategies For Energy-Efficient Higher Education Buildings In Hot-Dry Climates: A Case Study Of Bauchi Metropolis, Nigeria
This study investigates the influence of stakeholder demographics and passive design strategies on the energy performance of higher education buildings in the hot-dry climate of Bauchi, Nigeria. The research is grounded in a mixed-methods approach, combining qualitative and quantitative strategies to capture both the technical performance of passive design features and the perceptions of key stakeholders. Data collection was carried out in selected higher-education buildings in Bauchi, Nigeria, chosen through purposive sampling to reflect diverse architectural typologies and user populations. The Findings reveal that 71% of students lack awareness of the relationship between building design and energy use, while 58% of facility managers’ report insufficient training in energy efficiency. Moreover, only 23% of academic staff had ever participated in sustainability-related decision-making processes. Passive design assessments show that over 80% of existing buildings suffer from poor orientation, inadequate shading, and inefficient ventilation. Passive design assessments show that a majority of existing buildings suffer from poor orientation, inadequate shading, and inefficient ventilation. Questionnaires and on-site observations consistently suggest that improvements such as applying reflective coatings and installing better shading devices could significantly reduce the internal heat gain, leading to a much more comfortable indoor environment. The study recommends an integrated framework combining stakeholder engagement, low-cost passive retrofits, and localized design guidelines. The study recommends an integrated framework combining stakeholder engagement, low-cost passive retrofits, and localized design guidelines. These findings offer actionable pathways for achieving sustainable, energy-efficient educational infrastructure in Sub-Saharan Africa.
Selected Physico-Mechanical Properties Of Cement-Plastic Composites Of Banana Pseudo Stems Fibres
This study investigates the viability of Banana Pseudo Stem (BPS) fibres as a reinforcement material in cement-plastic composites. BPS fibres, an abundant and lightweight lignocellulosic resource, offer promising potential due to their accessibility and eco-friendliness. However, like other natural fibers, BPS contains inhibitory substances, such as hemicelluloses and tannins, which can hinder cement setting. This research addresses these challenges through various pre-treatment methods, including water soaking and the addition of chemical accelerators. By examining untreated and treated BPS combined with plastic particles, the study evaluates the impact of BPS on composite strength, density, water absorption, and thickness swelling. Results indicate that chemical treatments and plastic additions enhance composite density and flexural strength, suggesting improved compatibility with cement. Based on these results, BPS-cement composites are recommended for indoor, non-structural applications such as insulation panels, ceiling boards, and partition walls, where the need for stability under fluctuating moisture conditions is minimized.
Barriers To Smart Building Technology Adoption Through The Lens Of Technology-Organization-Environment (Toe) In Calabar, Nigeria
Smart building technologies are new resource that need effective adoption and integration for sustainable development in built environments. This study looked into professionals’ views on barriers to adopting smart building technology, the outcomes for building performance, and how they are connected in Calabar, Nigeria, using the Technology-Organization-Environment (TOE) framework. Mixed-method approach was used to collect data from 60 survey respondents and 12 interview participants, including Architects, Engineers, Contractors, Developers, Facility Managers, and Policymakers. Participants were selected using a purposive sampling technique to ensure that only professionals directly involved in the design, construction, management, and regulation of buildings were included in the study. The analysis included descriptive statistics, mean ranking, thematic analysis, and a review of policies. The findings revealed five main barriers: High Initial Costs (Mean = 4.63), Lack of Technical Skills (Mean = 4.41), Weak Regulatory Support (Mean = 4.15), Low Public Awareness (Mean = 3.87), and Limited Technology Availability (Mean = 3.72). The results also showed different priorities among professionals: developers concentrate on costs, engineers prioritize technical skills, policymakers deal with regulatory issues, and facility managers focus on maintenance challenges. Mean ranking analysis confirmed these differences among stakeholder groups, showing varied views on adoption barriers. Correlation analysis indicated significant positive links between overcoming barriers, especially through “Skills Development,” “Regulatory Support,” and “Strengthened Supply Chains,” and key building performance outcomes such as “Operational Efficiency,” “Energy Savings,” and “Occupant Satisfaction.” This strongly suggests that tackling economic, technical, and institutional challenges collaboratively will improve the integration and performance of smart buildings in developing cities like Calabar. In conclusion, the study establishes that addressing these barriers is essential to achieving higher efficiency, sustainability, and functionality in the built environment. It is therefore recommended that policymakers strengthen regulatory frameworks, professionals pursue continuous skill development, and developers explore innovative financing models to reduce cost burdens and promote widespread adoption of smart building technologies in Nigeria and similar developing contexts.
Plastic Footprints And Environmental Implications In Awka, Anambra State, Nigeria: Insights From Rwanda’S Policy Framework For Sustainable Solutions
Despite extensive global research highlighting the risks of plastic waste, Nigeria’s localized data and contextually relevant insights remain insufficient, and this hinders effective policies and practices. To address this gap, the study examined plastic footprints and their environmental impacts in Awka, Anambra State, drawing insights from Rwanda’s successful plastic waste management strategies. A survey was conducted by randomly distributing 360 questionnaires and conducting key informant interviews. Findings showed that 77.5% of participants are youthful, single workers aged 18-30, who prefer consuming packaged foods and single-use plastics for convenience. Notably, 82.5% of participants have a tertiary certification, indicating an opportunity to improve awareness and participation in recycling efforts. Additionally, 42.5% of those surveyed are self-employed, reflecting a strong entrepreneurial culture in Anambra State that influences plastic use, especially in packaging. The findings revealed that packaging accounts for 95% of plastic waste, with improper waste management (95%) and inadequate infrastructure (90%) identified as major contributors to pollution. Weak government regulation (77.5%) and low public awareness (85%) also pose significant problems. The study highlights serious environmental impacts, including ecosystem degradation, soil and groundwater contamination, and human health risks due to pest attraction (95%) and toxic chemical release (90%). These issues disproportionately affect vulnerable groups (92.5%). To address these challenges, the study advocates for integrated waste management approaches, added to Rwanda's enhanced policy framework, environmental education initiatives focused on the youth, community-based recycling programs, and enforcement of environmental regulations.
Challenges To The Design Of Energy Efficient Public Office Buildings In South-East Nigeria
Building design has become challenging with growing energy efficiency and sustainability concerns. About 40% of the world’s energy is consumed in buildings. The high energy consumption in buildings tends to be more conspicuous in large or corporate buildings. Optimization of energy performance is a crucial factor in any office building design. This study assessed the challenges to the design of energy efficient office buildings in South-East Nigeria with a view to proffering strategies that would enhance building energy efficiency. Quantitative research design was adopted; this involved survey. A total of 226 copies of questionnaire were distributed to registered architects in South-East Nigeria. Using proportionate sampling technique 23, 89, 14, 63 and 166 copies of questionnaire were distributed to Abia, Anambra, Ebonyi, Enugu and Imo States respectively. Thirteen (13) variables from the challenges to the design of energy efficient office buildings were studied. Codes (CED-01 to CED-13) were used to represent the variables. Data were analysed using Spearman's rank-order correlation. The findings of the study revealed that the major challenge to the design of energy efficient office buildings in South-East Nigeria is no regulatory framework for achieving energy efficiency in office buildings. This is as attested by 63.5% (105) of the respondents. Based on the findings of the study, there is urgent need for the government to strengthen regulatory frameworks and enforce strict compliance to energy efficiency standards.
Sustainability Of Biodiversity In Five Local Government Areas Of Southern Kaduna: Challenges, Strategies, And Prospects
Southern Kaduna, known for its diverse ecosystems and rich biodiversity, is increasingly facing ecological degradation due to anthropogenic pressures, land-use change, and socio-political instability. This empirical study investigates the current status of biodiversity in selected five local government areas (LGAs) of Zangon Kataf, Kachia, Kaura, Jema’a, and Sanga ; focusing on species distribution, conservation efforts, and sustainability strategies. Mixed methods involving field observations, key informant interviews, and surveys with local stakeholders were employed. Results indicate a significant decline in forest cover, wildlife populations, and aquatic species due to deforestation, grazing, farming encroachment, and weak policy enforcement. The paper recommends an integrated approach involving community-based conservation, environmental education, and policy reforms to ensure biodiversity sustainability in the region.
The Role Of Mass Media In Combating Environmental Degradation In Jos Plateau State : A Critical Assessment
This paper critically examines the role of mass media (print, broadcast, and digital) in combating these challenges. Leveraging agenda-setting theory and empirical examples, the study highlights how media raise awareness, influence policy, and mobilize communities. Environmental degradation remains one of Nigeria’s most pressing challenges, resulting in deforestation, desertification, pollution, and loss of biodiversity. This poses urgent developmental and public health threats. While policy responses have been established, their effectiveness largely depends on public awareness and engagement. This paper critically assesses the role of mass media in combating environmental degradation in Nigeria. However, its effectiveness is undermined by underfunding, weak institutional capacity, ownership bias, and security threats to journalists. Drawing on case studies, media content analysis, and scholarly literature, the paper reveals that while the media plays a vital role in environmental communication and public mobilization, its impact is undermined by limited coverage, poor investigative reporting, ownership bias, and weak policy support. The paper concludes with strategic recommendations to enhance media impact in environmental communication that a more strategic, inclusive, and well-funded media approach is essential for sustainable environmental management in Nigeria.
Natural Lighting As A Component Of Sustainable Architecture In Psychiatric Hospitals
The integration of natural lighting in a design is a fundamental principle in sustainable architecture. This paper investigates the lighting conditions of psychiatric hospitals, arguing that controlled natural light is an essential and often overlooked component for achieving sustainable and restorative healthcare settings. The study examines existing psychiatric hospitals in Nigeria and around the world, employing a mixed-methods approach that includes fieldwork, interviews with hospital staff in Nigeria, and secondary sources for foreign case studies. It explores the multifaceted biophilic benefits of natural lighting, which regulate the occupants' circadian rhythm, improve mood, enhance productivity, and support the mental and physical well-being of both patients and staff. The research identifies that the current absence or inadequate control of natural light in many psychiatric facilities is an issue and has adverse effects on both patients and the staff. Findings from the case studies demonstrate that hospitals that effectively integrate controlled daylighting using strategies like appropriate window placement and courtyards are generally well-ventilated and well-lit, providing better views of nature, which is integral to the healing process. The outcome underscores that the strategic integration of controlled natural lighting must be considered from the inception of design for psychiatric hospitals to reduce energy dependence and maximise therapeutic outcomes.
Improving The Design Of Pediatric Rehabilitation Centre Using Environmentally Friendly Ideas: Case Study Of Some Selected Hospitals In South-East Nigeria
Pediatric rehabilitation centres play a vital role in the long-term recovery and developmental support of children with physical, neurological, or musculoskeletal conditions. Yet in many Nigerian hospitals, the architectural design of these centres neglects children’s environmental and emotional needs, which are essential for healing. This study examines how environmentally responsive design can improve pediatric rehabilitation centres in South-East Nigeria, focusing on two case hospitals: Federal Medical Centre, Owerri, and Amanda Hospital, Imo State. A mixed-methods approach combined site observations and semi-structured interviews with healthcare staff, caregivers, and administrators, alongside secondary data from journals and design manuals. Key dimensions assessed include spatial organisation, natural ventilation, daylighting, sensory qualities, landscape integration, and material choice. Findings reveal limited child-centred features, weak connection to nature, and minimal adoption of eco-friendly design strategies. Environmental comfort, emotional well-being, and functional efficiency emerged as critical gaps affecting therapeutic experience and outcomes. The study proposes context-sensitive design principles for Nigerian pediatric rehabilitation, emphasising biophilic elements, adaptive spatial layouts, and passive environmental control. The research contributes to healthcare architecture and sustainable design discourse and offers a practical framework to guide architects, policymakers, and health planners in transforming paediatric rehabilitation facilities in resource-constrained settings
Enhancing The Design Of Orthopedic Hospitals Using Biophilic Elements: The Case Of Some Selected Hospitals In South-East Nigeria
The quality of healthcare facility design plays a critical role in influencing patient recovery, staff efficiency, and overall healthcare outcomes. In Nigeria, orthopedic healthcare facilities often face design challenges that limit their effectiveness in promoting healing environments. This study explores the current design conditions of selected orthopedic hospitals in the southeastern region of Nigeria, with a particular focus on identifying opportunities for improvement through the integration of biophilic design elements. Using a case study approach, data was collected through field observations, architectural analysis, and interviews with healthcare professionals and facility users across selected hospitals. The findings highlight prevalent issues such as overcrowded wards, poor ventilation, inadequate access to natural light, and limited incorporation of natural elements. These challenges not only affect patient comfort but also hinder staff performance and overall operational efficiency. The study underscores the urgent need to re-evaluate the design of orthopedic healthcare facilities in the region and recommends the adoption of biophilic principles as a practical and sustainable approach to enhancing healing environments. The outcomes provide context-specific insights that can inform future healthcare design policies and architectural interventions in Nigeria.
Land Use Transitions And Eco-Socio/Environmental Impacts Of Laterite And Sand Mining In Awka, Anambra State, Nigeria: A Socio-Economic And Remote Sensing Analysis From 1993–2023
Laterite and sand are essential raw materials whose value to human development is immense. From historical city growth to modern skyscrapers, infrastructure, and industrial products, sand remains central to construction and industrial processes. However, the process of extraction has immense impacts on eco-social life and environmental degradation, particularly in remote African communities where access, governance, and data records are lacking. The Driver-Pressure-State-Impact-Response (DPSIR) was employed within the framework of sustainable development as a framework, this study examines the environmental, social, and economic effects of laterite and sand mining in Okpuno, Awka South LGA, Anambra State. A mixed-methods approach, namely qualitative, quantitative, and remote sensing techniques, was employed. Data was gathered through surveys and interviews with residents, random distribution of 400 questionnaires, and remote sensing and geotechnical techniques from 1993 to 2023. A stratified random sampling method was used to ensure representation from various demographic groups, including miners, farmers, and community members. Findings confirm that laterite and sand mining, coupled with urbanization, have profoundly transformed the Okpuno landscape over the past 30 years. Remote sensing and GIS analyses revealed that vegetation cover declined from 63.4% in 1993 to 30% in 2023, while bare surfaces increased from 24.9% to 43.5%, and built-up areas expanded from 11.7% to 26.5%. These changes indicate intensified land degradation, ecosystem disruption, and socio-economic vulnerabilities linked to weak regulatory oversight. Also, mining has negatively contributed to soil erosion, reduced agricultural productivity, biodiversity loss, and increased susceptibility to flooding. Economically, mining offers short-term jobs and the development of local infrastructure in the area. The application of sustainable strategies, best management practices, community education, and stricter enforcement of environmental laws are recommended. To foster responsible mining that balances economic gains with environmental and social well-being.
Challenges And Perceptions Of Building Information Modeling Adoption In The Nigerian Construction Industry: Insights From Bauchi Metropolis, Nigeria
Building Information Modeling (BIM) represents a paradigm shift for the Architecture, Engineering, and Construction (AEC) industry, yet its adoption remains limited in developing economies, notably in Nigeria. This study investigates the critical challenges and barriers hindering the application of BIM among construction professionals in the Bauchi State Metropolis, Nigeria. Employing a mixed-methods approach, the research utilized a quantitative survey and a detailed literature review to assess professionals' level of awareness, perceived benefits, and core obstacles to implementation. The key findings highlight a substantial gap between awareness and actual practice. Specifically, 58% of professionals reported only a moderate level of familiarity with BIM, indicating that deep technical integration is low. The primary barriers were found to be financial and institutional, a decisive 71% of respondents cite the high implementation costs of software and training as the principal financial deterrent and an institutional void is evident, with 60% expressing significant concern over the lack of standardized guidelines and clear BIM policies from governing bodies. The study also identified a major educational shortfall, as 65% of graduates reported acquiring BIM proficiency after completing their formal university education, rather than during their academic training. The study concludes that while the benefits of BIM for enhancing project delivery and sustainability are widely recognized, its adoption in Bauchi is critically hindered by these financial, technical, and institutional challenges. The paper recommends an integrated framework that combines targeted policy, educational reform, and financial incentives to accelerate the successful integration of BIM across the Nigerian construction sector.
Mapping Smuggling Routes And Migration Flows Across Illela And Jibiya Borders: A Geographical Perspective
This study provides a geographical analysis of smuggling routes and irregular migration flows across the porous Nigeria–Niger borderlands of Illela (Sokoto State) and Jibiya (Katsina State). Using a mixed-methods approach that combined structured questionnaires, key informant interviews, and geospatial mapping through GPS and GIS, the research identified and mapped 20 illegal routes 9 in Illela and 11 in Jibiya. Findings reveal that these routes are not random but represent adaptive systems shaped by geographical, socio-economic, and cultural factors. Seasonal variation was observed, with smuggling and migration peaking during the dry season but persisting at moderate levels during the rainy season, demonstrating the resilience of cross-border networks. The study highlights geography as a critical driver of borderland dynamics, with porous borders, flat terrain, weak surveillance, and strong ethnic ties directly facilitating illegal flows. While smuggling sustains livelihoods through increased petty trade and informal economic opportunities, it simultaneously undermines formal trade, erodes government revenue, and fuels insecurity. Comparative analysis demonstrates strong alignment with earlier works (Yusuf & Bala, 2020; Aderanti, 2019; Usman, 2021; IOM, 2022) but contributes new insights by quantifying geographical determinants, demonstrating rainy-season persistence, and integrating community perspectives with geospatial evidence. The study concludes that addressing smuggling and irregular migration requires more than physical border enforcement. It recommends enhanced technological surveillance, youth empowerment, and bilateral cooperation with Niger, as well as institutionalized geospatial intelligence and grassroots sensitization. By emphasizing the spatial dimensions of borderland dynamics, the research underscores the need for holistic, geography-informed interventions to ensure security, foster legal trade, and improve livelihoods in Nigeria’s northern frontier.
Application Of Just-In-Time Delivery In The Construction Industry: A Case Study Of Lagos State, Nigeria
This study investigates the application of Just-In-Time (JIT) delivery in the construction industry in Lagos State, Nigeria, with a focus on its impact on material management, quality control, inventory control, waste reduction and overall productivity. A quantitative research design was adopted, employing questionnaires administered to 203 registered construction professionals. Data analysis, conducted using SPSS, indicated that JIT is reasonably implemented in Lagos State construction projects, with waste reduction emerging as the most significant area of application. Exploratory factor analysis revealed two principal components: the quality factor, which includes material and supply chain management, quality control, labor management, technical challenges, regulatory requirements, and construction scheduling; and the waste reduction factor, which comprises inventory control, storage space management, waste minimization, and efficiency enhancement. The findings demonstrate that JIT implementation improves project efficiency and reduces waste, though challenges such as unreliable supply chains and coordination difficulties remain. To maximize the benefits of JIT in construction, the study recommends strengthening supply chain networks, enhancing project management competencies, and promoting a culture of collaboration and continuous improvement.
Effects Of Housing Environment Management On Occupants Health In Kuchigoro, Abuja, Nigeria
This study explores the relationship between housing environment management and the health outcomes of occupants in Kuchigoro, Abuja. Using a convergent parallel mixed methods approach, the research investigates how maintenance practices, cleanliness, ventilation, and other environmental management factors affect physical and mental health. Data were collected through structured survey questionnaires and in-depth interviews with residents. Quantitative results revealed significant associations between poor housing management and adverse health indicators, while qualitative insights highlight residents' lived experiences and perceptions. The findings underscore the need for integrated housing and health policies to promote sustainable urban living environments. The study provides insights for policy and decision-makers to improve housing management in urban settings. This study adds to the limited literature on housing management and health in urban Nigeria, especially in settlements like Kuchigoro.
Facilitating Cassava Processing Through Design Of Functional Factory Spaces: A Case Study Of Selected Factories In South- South Nigeria
Cassava is a major staple crop in Nigeria and plays a significant role in food security and rural industrialization. Efficient cassava processing is essential to meeting the food and industrial demands of rapidly growing populations in cassava-producing regions. However, the efficiency of cassava processing is often hindered by inadequately designed factory spaces. Small-scale and even medium-scale processors often contend with poorly designed factory spaces that impede productivity, hygiene, and worker safety. This study investigates how functional spatial design can facilitate cassava processing in selected factories within South-South Nigeria. The case study approach, including on-site observations, and interviews. Analysis of architectural layouts, was used to identify spatial design factors that influence processing efficiency, worker productivity, and hygiene. Results revealed that workflow-oriented layouts, environmental comfort, modularity, and integrated utility systems play vital roles in optimizing cassava processing. Findings emphasise that spatial design is not merely supportive but foundational to agro-industrial efficiency. Key recommendations include implementing linear spatial layouts, enhancing ventilation, zoning wet and dry areas, and adopting modular design elements. The study culminates in the development of a prototype layout adapted to local conditions. This research contributes a practical design framework for improving cassava processing infrastructure in Nigeria and can inform policy and development efforts. The study concludes that investment in spatial design directly correlates with processing efficiency, product quality, and sustainability.
Energy-Efficient Retrofitting Of Higher Education Buildings In Hot-Dry Climates: A Framework For Sustainable Adaptation In Nigeria
The demand for energy-efficient retrofitting in educational institutions is increasingly recognized as a critical response to the dual challenges of climate change and deteriorating building performance in hot-dry climates. Higher education buildings in Nigeria, often constructed without consideration for thermal comfort or energy efficiency, experience significant energy waste and occupant discomfort. This paper presents a comprehensive framework for retrofitting such buildings to enhance their energy performance and sustainability. Drawing from empirical data, simulation analysis, and stakeholder interviews, the study identifies context-specific passive design strategies, shading techniques, and material improvements suitable for hot-dry climatic zones. The framework integrates design principles such as resource economy, life cycle design, and occupant-centered solutions, offering a step-by-step guide for implementation. The study finds that passive retrofitting approaches, when aligned with localized climatic and behavioural conditions, can reduce energy consumption by up to 60% and improve indoor comfort significantly. This research provides a strategic roadmap for policymakers, designers, and facility managers aiming to promote sustainable education infrastructure in Nigeria and similar climates.
Evaluating The Physical Conditions Of Primary School Landscapes In Bauchi Metropolis: A Framework For Enhanced Learning Environment
The physical and design conditions of school grounds significantly influence pupils' educational outcomes, well-being, and social development. This study investigates the design conditions of the landscape of primary school grounds in Bauchi metropolis, Nigeria, with a view to proposing a framework for optimizing their functionality. Drawing on a mixed-methods approach, data were collected through observational checklists, questionnaires administered to pupils and teachers, and photographic documentation across selected public and private primary schools. The findings reveal significant design inadequacies, including limited interactive play areas, poor integration of natural elements, lack of designated outdoor learning spaces, and insufficient safety and aesthetic features. Teachers and pupils consistently reported dissatisfaction with the spatial quality and usability of their school grounds. The study highlights the need for strategic landscape redesign emphasizing accessibility, flexibility, environmental sustainability, and participatory planning. A conceptual framework is proposed to guide future interventions aimed at improving school landscape design in hot-dry urban climates. The paper contributes to the discourse on school infrastructure development in Sub-Saharan Africa, advocating for policies that integrate environmental design principles into educational planning.
Effects Of Wall Material Type On Temperature Variation In Primary Schools In Anambra State, Nigeria
Providing conducive learning environments is essential for enhancing educational quality. Suboptimal indoor environments negatively influence students' performance. This study examined the impact of wall material type on temperature variation in three primary schools, using a purposive sampling technique. The indoor thermal comfort within the three primary schools in Anambra State, Nigeria, comparing Sandcrete Block (SCB) and Interlocking Compressed Earth Block (ICEB) classroom constructions was studied. Classroom temperature data were collected and analysed to evaluate the thermal performance of each material. Result indicated that classrooms constructed with ICEB exhibited lower average temperatures in all the three schools than those constructed with SCB. Although the difference was not statistically significant in one of the schools investigated, the variability in thermal performance between ICEB and SCB classrooms underscores the necessity for location-specific design considerations to achieve optimal thermal comfort. It is recommended that ICEB should be tried in construction of new primary school classrooms henceforth in the warm-humid region of South East Nigeria. Addressing this issue requires concerted efforts from government agencies, educational institutions, and relevant stakeholders to improve infrastructure and provide sustainable building solutions.
Geospatial Distribution Of Waste Dumpsites And Socioeconomic Factors Influencing Waste Management Practices In Abeokuta South, Nigeria.
Rapid urbanisation has continually led to waste increase, placing a demand on dynamic waste management for effectiveness. This research focuses on the examination of the potential geospatial distribution of waste dumpsites and the socioeconomic impacts on managing waste in Abeokuta South, Nigeria. Fourteen (14) dumpsites were observed and mapped using geospatial techniques, with buffer zones of 100m, 500m, and 1km indicators monitoring significant residents vulnerable to the hazards relating to dumpsite. Households falling within the exposure buffer zone are then visualize. Additionally, structured questionnaires were administered to residents within these distances to evaluate the influence of socioeconomic factors—particularly income and education levels—on waste disposal methods, including open burning, open dumping, incineration, and waste collection. Results revealed that many households in Abeokuta South reside within 100m proximity to a dumpsite, a proximity linked to increased respiratory health risks. Furthermore, the study shows that lower-income and less-educated households were more likely to engage in open dumping and burning. Among these respondents, 68% and 46% who practiced open dumping and open burning, respectively, were low-income earners. However, keeping waste for collection was the most widely practiced disposal method across all income groups. 44% of low-income, 50% of middle-income, and 6% of high-income households adopted this practice. These findings reveal that while household income levels significantly influence waste management behaviors, the strategic placement of waste bins can help mitigate improper disposal practices across different income groups.
Enhancing Green Plot Ratio In Residential Building Plots In Jos, Nigeria
As urbanisation accelerates, there is a consequential loss of greenery in cities as spaces that were once vegetative have become hard surfaces in forms of roofs and pavements. The need to accommodate the rising population results in the creation of more dwelling units in the form of residential buildings. The loss of greenery in residential areas has become a critical concern, leading to reduced biodiversity, increased urban heat island effects and diminished well-being for urban dwellers. The concept of Green Plot Ratio (GPR) offers a quantifiable solution to integrate and compensate for the loss of greenery by the creation of residential buildings on previously vegetative sites. This research explores strategies for enhancing GPR by incorporating vertical gardens and rooftop greenery. This research is domiciled in Jos, an urban city in Nigeria. It examines case studies of two residential buildings (a bungalow and duplex) that successfully incorporated greenery to offset ecological losses and achieve sustainable urban living. It focuses on quantifying the vegetation of the plots of the case studies which were previously grasslands before construction, and were altered after construction to accommodate residential units. Afterwards, the results are looked at to see if the GPR was reduced from what it was naturally, if it had been maintained or even enhanced. Thus, the quantitative research methodology was adopted for this research. By analysing these implementations, the study identifies key parameters influencing GPR, such as vegetation density and plant selection. Findings reveal the possibilities of the greenery in a vegetative land being maintained and enhanced through GPR, though the creation of a residential unit tampered with the natural vegetation. Ultimately, the study advocates for the integration of GPR as a component in urban planning to create environmentally resilient and aesthetically pleasing living spaces.
Investigating the Influence of Economic Indicators on Property Value Trends in Keffi
Economic indicators such as Gross Domestic Product (GDP), inflation, interest rates, employment levels, exchange rates, and consumer purchasing power are widely recognized as key variables influencing property markets. Hence, this study examined the impact of economic indicators, including GDP, inflation rates, interest rates and unemployment rates on property value trends in Keffi, Nigeria with the aim of providing valuable insights that can guide future research, policy development, and investment strategies in the Nigerian real estate market. Using primary and secondary data sources, the research employed trend analysis, statistical models (R2, RMSE, MAPE), and ANOVA to investigate the relationship between economic indicators and property values. The results showed a steady increase in residential property values over the years, with fluctuations in macroeconomic variables such as inflation, interest rates, unemployment, and GDP. The study's models demonstrated good predictive accuracy, indicating that economic indicators have a significant influence on property value trends in Keffi, Nigeria. The ANOVA results revealed that inflation rates have a negative, albeit insignificant, correlation with property values. In contrast, high interest rates were found to suppress property values by increasing borrowing costs, deterring potential buyers. Conversely, positive GDP growth was associated with increased property values, reflecting heightened economic prosperity and investment capacity. Additionally, high unemployment rates negatively impacted property values by reducing overall demand in the property market. The study concludes that macroeconomic variables, including interest rates, inflation, GDP growth, exchange rates, and employment levels, significantly influence property market dynamics. Hence, the study recommended that to stimulate the real estate market, policymakers should implement policies promoting economic growth, stability, and development, such as investing in infrastructure, promoting foreign investment, and fostering economic development.
The Necessity For Reconfiguring Introductory Level Property Valuation Examinations In Nigeria: A View Fashioned By Experience
Whether written or oral, practical or theoretical, examinations are designed to evaluate ability. In the core estate management subject of property valuation, which is introduced at 200 level in Nigeria’s tertiary education system, learners are tested by written examinations. Following the 2022 introduction of a revised curriculum by the accreditation body, the National Universities Commission (NUC), this paper examines the appropriateness of instituting corresponding changes in examination practice. This is a discourse highlighting an extant situation which may hinder learners being tested across all sections of the introductory valuation examination curriculum, thereby making difficult the acquisition of a balanced knowledge. This would be avoided if they were deliberately required to demonstrate capacity in the three identified areas of the syllabus. Being a viewpoint, the approach of the paper is a review of secondary data assembled from published literature, the archives, online sources, and also, the practical teaching experience of the author in a Nigerian federal university. The review indicates that current practice does not usually offer a spread of questions fully reflective of the three broad sections of the curriculum, namely, valuation mathematics; land and property markets; and the money and capital markets. In addition, there is an absence of compulsory sections and compulsory questions. These facts of current practice and the findings from related research are used to consider the necessity, modalities and potential benefits of a reconfiguration. The conclusion is that a reconfiguration is necessary and important because existing deficiencies may deny learners an adequate foundation, placing them at a disadvantage in meeting future challenges in learning and in practice. Therefore, a reconfiguration is recommended to overcome extant shortcomings. Also, to upgrade the examination to a better and more comprehensive test of knowledge and capacity, particularly with the introduction of the suggested complementary and supplementary instructional input.
Effect Of Corn Cob Ash And Locust Bean Pod Ash On The Mechanical Properties Of Concrete
The Portland cement production is a highly energy-intensive process and the current trend in concrete research is towards finding alternative materials that can partially or fully replace cement. Supplementary cementitious materials (SCM) are important in producing high-strength and high-performance concrete. This study aims to investigate the effect of corn cob ash and locust bean pod ash on the mechanical properties of concrete. The concrete mix of 1:2:4 and a water cement ratio of 0.5 was blended with 5–30% pozzolanic materials individually and combined, and the concrete cured at 7, 14, 28 and 56 days. The specific gravity of Corn cob ash (CCA) and (Locust Bean Pod Ash) LBPA is 2.25 and 2.33 respectively. Corn cob ash and locust bean pod ash are pozzolanic material having satisfied the requirement of ASTM C618-05. It is observed that the workability of fresh concrete is reduced as the dosages of CCA and LBPA increase in the mixture. Moreover, the compressive and flexural strengths at 10% of CCA or CCA/LBPA gave similar strength with the control concrete, at 28 and 56 days respectively. Furthermore, the density and water absorption of concrete were reduced with increasing percentage of CCA and LBPA in concrete. It can be concluded that 10% CCA and LBPA as replacement of cement, results in improved performance of concrete. The research recommends that 10% CCA and LBPA as cement replacement individually or in the blend are the optimum percentages for structural applications which will lead to strong and quality concrete, and also help reduce the use of cement.
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Viable Entrepreneurship In Nigeria: The Art Of Manual Printing In Textile Design
Attractions to most fabrics are mostly based on the surface designs. In textile design, some techniques are employed to beautify fabrics for instance; dyeing, printing, painting, embroidery, weaving, and other manual and industrial finishes. Most of these could be achieved manually, for example: by printing on fabrics. A piece of acquired knowledge in textile printing is quite encouraging and could be practised for wealth creation. It could also help some become employers of labour by setting up small cottage industries. This study is predicated on the fact that manual printing offers entrepreneurship and skill acquisition potentials which enable people to be self-reliant and self-employed. This has not been given adequate awareness especially, among the youth and scholars. This paper showcases how this particular technique in textile design could be practised by working on some samples of printed fabrics in the studio and also documents how a simple printing studio could be set up. This is qualitative research. It employed studio exploration as the research design and photography as the research instrument to collect some data and adopted the theories of diffusion of Innovation, social network, institutionalism and creative economy for analysis. This study found that printing in textiles has been identified as an art that offers great skills that could stamp out poverty when practised professionally. It recommends that the printing of fabrics should be given more attention since some of the textile industries in Nigeria have gone moribund. Thus, this paper concludes that simple inexpensive printing studios be set up as cottage industries by designers and artists instead of waiting to work in a fully automated industry.
Turning Crisis Into Opportunity: The Role Of Covid-19 Induced Online Learning In Promoting Sustainability At The University Of Lagos
This research looks at the transformative function of online learning in improving sustainability in higher education, with a particular focus on Masters in Environmental Design (MED) Architecture students of the University of Lagos in Nigeria. A mixed-methods approach was used to combine quantitative survey data and qualitative interviews to acquire a thorough knowledge of how online education affects sustainability efforts in higher education institutions. According to survey results, students are aware of the potential of online learning to reduce the environmental imprint of traditional education, cut prices, and improve accessibility. Students' impressions are based on observable decreases in carbon emissions, economic efficiency, and enhanced educational access. Qualitative interviews with students from several faculties indicate a range of experiences, from data prices and connectivity issues to the benefits of digitised learning materials and better time management. The study finds that online learning has the potential to play a critical role in higher education sustainability strategies. To realise this promise, focused initiatives to solve issues such as price, connection, and online course quality are required. Infrastructure investments, educator training, financial assistance, technical improvements, multidisciplinary collaboration, policy refinement, sustainability initiative growth, and a commitment to continuous development are among the recommendations. Online learning goes beyond crisis reaction to provide a chance for innovation and redesigning higher education by combining accessibility with environmental responsibility. The instance of the University of Lagos offers an example of how online education may energise sustainability efforts and alter the future of higher education.
Ageing In Place: Exploring The Housing Situations Of The Elderly In Traditional And Transitional Areas In Oyo Town, Nigeria
The study explored the housing situations of the elderly in traditional and transitional areas in Oyo town towards enhancing ageing in place. A descriptive survey research design was adopted for the study. The purposive sampling technique was used to choose one (1) traditional area and one (1) transitional area while snowballing was used to select 60 elderly and their houses in each of the chosen areas of study. A structured questionnaire and an observation checklist adopted from the standardized Housing Enabler Instrument were utilised to obtain data for the study. All 120 copies of the questionnaire forms and observation checklists administered were retrieved and analysed using frequency distribution, percentage, sum score and cross-tabulation. Results showed that a majority of the elderly in the traditional and transitional areas have not spent more than 20 years in their current house. Also, the majority of the elderly live with their families and own their houses. The elderly in the traditional area predominantly live in rooming apartments while those in the transitional area predominantly live in blocks of flats. Significantly, the houses of the elderly possess poor physical characteristics unfavourable to ageing in place, although, more of these poor characteristics were found in the traditional area. The study recommends that to promote ageing in place, housing interventions should take into account the varied situations of the elderly in different contexts and settings. Also, to successfully age in place, the elderly should be encouraged to live with family members, the elderly should be supported to own a house, and poor physical housing characteristics should be eliminated, or reduced to the barest minimum.
Air Pollution Load Assessment In The Residential Land-Use Types In Asaba, Delta State, Nigeria
Air pollution continues to be a challenge in the world and the consequences of it are more in developing countries, due to the use of fossil fuels, generators, bad domestic fuel sources and infrequent pollution monitoring. This study investigated the pollutant load across different residential areas in Asaba, Delta State, Nigeria. A longitudinal research design was deployed for the study. Multi-gas detectors were used to collect pollutant readings at a height of 4 feet above ground level across the study area. The data was collected daily for 12 months from January to December 2023. The stated hypothesis "there is no significant spatial variation in atmospheric pollutants in Asaba", was tested using the Analysis of Variance (ANOVA). The study found that the pollutants increased from the low-density to the high-density areas. There was also a seasonal difference in pollutants amount across the residential areas. The computations of ANOVA models showed that there were statistically significant differences in the means of CO ppm P<0.05 (F=12.3123, sig = 0.00); NO2 P<0.05(F=15.1223, sig=0.03); O3 P<0.05(F=10.1021, sig = 0.05); PM2.5 P<0.05 (F=10.5231, sig = 0.04) and PM10 P<0.05 (F=6.4331 sig = 0.05). However, there was no significant difference in SO2 P>0.05(F=1.3001, sig = 0.10) in the residential areas. Investment in renewable energy and planting of trees and green spaces were among the recommendations of the study.