Land Use Transitions And Eco-Socio/Environmental Impacts Of Laterite And Sand Mining In Awka, Anambra State, Nigeria: A Socio-Economic And Remote Sensing Analysis From 1993–2023

Abstract

Laterite and sand are essential raw materials whose value to human development is immense. From historical city growth to modern skyscrapers, infrastructure, and industrial products, sand remains central to construction and industrial processes. However, the process of extraction has immense impacts on eco-social life and environmental degradation, particularly in remote African communities where access, governance, and data records are lacking. The Driver-Pressure-State-Impact-Response (DPSIR) was employed within the framework of sustainable development as a framework, this study examines the environmental, social, and economic effects of laterite and sand mining in Okpuno, Awka South LGA, Anambra State. A mixed-methods approach, namely qualitative, quantitative, and remote sensing techniques, was employed. Data was gathered through surveys and interviews with residents, random distribution of 400 questionnaires, and remote sensing and geotechnical techniques from 1993 to 2023. A stratified random sampling method was used to ensure representation from various demographic groups, including miners, farmers, and community members. Findings confirm that laterite and sand mining, coupled with urbanization, have profoundly transformed the Okpuno landscape over the past 30 years. Remote sensing and GIS analyses revealed that vegetation cover declined from 63.4% in 1993 to 30% in 2023, while bare surfaces increased from 24.9% to 43.5%, and built-up areas expanded from 11.7% to 26.5%. These changes indicate intensified land degradation, ecosystem disruption, and socio-economic vulnerabilities linked to weak regulatory oversight. Also, mining has negatively contributed to soil erosion, reduced agricultural productivity, biodiversity loss, and increased susceptibility to flooding. Economically, mining offers short-term jobs and the development of local infrastructure in the area. The application of sustainable strategies, best management practices, community education, and stricter enforcement of environmental laws are recommended. To foster responsible mining that balances economic gains with environmental and social well-being.